Ethnicities of Individuals

We could determine the ethnicities of 168 out of the 183 individuals. Rather than being the uneducated, young Arab-American immigrants of popular imagination, of the cases for which ethnicity could be determined, only a quarter are of Arab descent, while 10% are African-American, 13% are Caucasian, 18% are South Asian, 20% are of Somali descent, and the rest are either mixed race or of other ethnicities.

Arab/Middle Eastern -total of 46, 25%

  • Hussein Zorkot – Zorkot is Lebanese-American.[1]
  • Mohammed Ibrahim Shnewer – Arab, born in Jordan.[2]
  • Kamal Derwish – of Yemeni descent.[3]
  • Sahim Alwan – part of Lackawanna Six, all Americans of Yemeni descent.[4]
  • Mukhtar al-Bakri – part of Lackawanna Six, all Americans of Yemeni descent.[5]
  • Semi Osman – of Lebanese descent, born in Sierra Leone.[6]
  • Adham Hassoun – Lebanese-born Palestinian.[7]
  • Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal – of Saudi Arabian descent.[8]
  • Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal – of Saudi Arabian descent.[9]
  • Jaber A. Elbaneh – identified as Yemeni by the FBI.[10]
  • Ibrahim al-Hamdi – Yemeni national.[11]
  • Habis Abdulla al-Saoub – born in Jordan.[12]
  • Yassin Muhiddin Aref – Iraqi refugee.[13]
  • Mohammad Amawi – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.[14]
  • Abdulrahman Farhane – born in Morocco.[15]
  • Marwan El-Hindi – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.[16]
  • Wassim Mazloum – identified as being of Middle Eastern descent.[17]
  • Aman Hassan Yemer – identified by Pakistani police as being of Yemeni origin.[18]
  • Hesham Mohamed Hadayet – of Egyptian descent.[19]
  • Shaker Masri – recorded by FBI communicating in Arabic with his mother, allegedly asked an acquaintance for a Syrian identity card.[20]
  • Khaled Ouazzani – Moroccan-born.[21]
  • Nidal Malik Hasan – of Palestinian descent.[22]
  • Tarek Mehanna – of Egyptian descent.[23]
  • Maher Hawash – naturalized citizen from the West Bank.[24]
  • Ali Al-Timimi – of Iraqi descent.[25]
  • Kiffa Jayyoussi – Jordanian-born.[26]
  • Ali Al-Marri – identified as Arab in other reports.[27]
  • Ahmad Abousamra – of Syrian descent.[28]
  • Wesam al-Hanafi – of Egyptian descent.[29]
  • Yassein Taher – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.[30]
  • Shafal Mosed – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.[31]
  • Ahmed Omar Abu Ali – dual Jordanian and American citizen.[32]
  • Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer – born in Jordan.[33]
  • Ramy Zamzam – of Egyptian descent.[34]
  • Yahya Goba – part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.[35]
  • Faysal Galab - part of the Lackawanna Six, all of Yemeni descent.[36]
  • Serdar Tatar – of Turkish descent.[37]
  • Hosam Smadi – Jordanian-born.[38]
  • Ziyad Yaghi – Palestinian of Jordanian birth.[39]
  • Mahmoud Alessa – dual U.S.-Jordanian citizen.[40]
  • Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari – Saudi Arabian on a student visa in the United States.[41]
  • Anwar al-Awlaki – American of Yemeni descent.[42]
  • Ahmed Ferhani – born in Algeria.[43]
  • Mohamed Mamdouh – born in Morocco.[44]
  • Waad Ramadan Alwan – Iraqi refugee.[45]
  • Mohanad Shareef Hammadi – Iraqi refugee.[46]

African-American total of 16; 9%.

  • Donald Thomas Surratt – African-American convert to Islam.[47]
  • Jeffrey Leon Battle – African-American.[48]
  • Levar Washington – African-American.[49]
  • Kevin James – African-American.[50]
  • David Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.[51]
  • Onta Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.[52]
  • James Cromitie – identified as African-American in other reports.[53]
  • Rafiq Sabir – identified as a “black intellectual” and convert to Islam.[54]
  • James Ujaama – identified as African-American in other reports.[55]
  • Hasan Akbar – changed his name when his mother married into a “Nation of Islam” family.[56]
  • Patrice Lumumba Ford – son of a Black Panther member, African-American nationalist group.[57]
  • Gregory Patterson – identified as African-American in other reports.[58]
  • Kobie Diallo Williams – identified as African-American in other reports.[59]
  • Derrick Shareef – identified as African-American in other reports.[60]
  • Carlos Bledsoe (Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad) – African-American convert to Islam.[61]
  • CliftonCousins – identified as African-American in other reports.[62]

Caucasian - total of 21 (12%)

  • Seifullah Chapman – identified as Caucasian in other reports.[63]
  • Troy Matthew Kastigar – identified as Caucasian in other reports.[64]
  • Daniel Boyd – Caucasian converted to Islam.[65]
  • Dylan Boyd – Daniel Boyd’s son.[66]
  • Zakaria Boyd – Daniel Boyd’s son.[67]
  • Ryan Anderson – of “German/Irish” descent, convert to Islam.[68]
  • Michael Finton – identified as Caucasian in other reports.[69]
  • John Walker Lindh – Caucasian convert to Islam.[70]
  • Adam Gadahn – Caucasian convert to Islam.[71]
  • Zachary Chesser – Caucasian convert to Islam.[72]
  • Charles Bishop – identified as Caucasian in other reports.[73]
  • Jamie Paulin-Ramirez-- identified as Caucasian in news reports
  • Colleen LaRose – identified as Caucasian in news reports.[74]
  • Agron Abdullahu – Born in the former Yugoslavia[75]
  • Shain Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.[76]
  • Dritan Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.[77]
  • Eljvir Duka– Ethnic Albanian from the former Yugoslavia.[78]
  • Betim Kaziu – Kosovar Albanian.[79]
  • Adis Medunjanin – Medunjanin is a Bosnian immigrant.[80]
  • Hysen Sherifi – Ethnic Albanian immigrant from Kosovo.[81]
  • Anes Subasic – Ethnic Bosnian.[82]

South Asian – total of 33 (18%)

  • Majid Khan – American of Pakistani descent.[83]
  • Khwaja Mahmood Hasan – born in Pakistan.[84]
  • Iyman Faris – Naturalized U.S. citizen born in Pakistan.[85]
  • Hemant Lakhani – born in India.[86]
  • Muhammad Aatique – Pakistani citizen.[87]
  • Mohammed Mosharref Hossain – Immigrated to the United States from Bangladesh.[88]
  • Shahawar Matin Siraj – Pakistani national living in the United States.[89]
  • Khaleel Ahmed – U.S. born citizen of South Asian descent.[90]
  • Zubair Ahmed - U.S. born citizen of South Asian descent.[91]
  • Tahawwur Hussain Rana – born in Pakistan.[92]
  • Raja Lahrasib Khan – born in Pakistan, spoke Hindi and Urdu in recorded conversations.[93]
  • Faisal Shahzad – born in Pakistan.[94]
  • Umar Chaudhry – Pakistani descent, father still lives there.[95]
  • Farooque Ahmed – born in Pakistan, immigrated to the United States around 1993.[96]
  • Ali Asad Chandia – born in Pakistan, brother and other family still live there.[97]
  • Naveed Haq – Haq is “of Pakistani heritage.”[98]
  • Adnan Babar Mirza – born in Kuwait, but of Pakistani descent.[99]
  • Zarein Ahmedzay – born in Afghanistan.[100]
  • Mohammed Babar – born in Pakistan.[101]
  • Hammad Samana – legal U.S. resident born in Pakistan.[102]
  • Syed Haris Ahmed – born in Pakistan.[103]
  • Ehsanul Islam Sadequee – U.S.-born of Bangladeshi descent, arrested in Bangladesh.[104]
  • Waqar Hussein Khan – naturalized U.S. citizen of South Asian descent.[105]
  • Imran Mandhai – born in Pakistan.[106]
  • Najibullah Zazi – U.S. permanent resident from Afghanistan.[107]
  • Aafia Siddiqui – born in Pakistan.[108]
  • Uzair Paracha – born in Pakistan.[109]
  • Masoud Ahmad Khan – of Pakistani descent.[110]
  • Hamid Hayat – of Pakistani origin.[111]
  • Syed Hashmi – Pakistani immigrant to the United States.[112]
  • Hafiz Khan – Pakistani immigrant to the United States.[113]
  • Irfan Khan – Pakistani immigrant to the United States.[114]
  • Izhar Khan – Pakistani immigrant to the United States.[115]

Somali – total of 33, 18%

  • Nuradin Abdi – Somali immigrant.[116]
  • Mahamud Said Omar – Somali citizen, permanent U.S. resident.[117]
  • Omer Abdi Mohamed – classified as Somali in other research.[118]
  • Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax – Somali, communicated with figures in Somali, allegedly recruited in Somali mosque in Minnesota.[119]
  • Mohamed Abdellahi Hassan – classified asSomali in other research.[120]
  • Abdiweli Yassin Isse – part of a group of Somalis charged with leaving Minnesota to fight for al-Shabaab.[121]
  • Khalid Mohamud Abshir – involved with a predominantly Somali mosque, of Somali ancestry.[122]
  • Hawo Hassan – Naturalized U.S. citizen from Somalia.[123]
  • Amina Ali – Naturalized U.S. citizen from Somalia.[124]
  • Nima Ali Yusuf – identified as part of San Diego’s Somali community.[125]
  • Mohamud Abdi Yusuf – refugee from Somalia.[126]
  • Abdi Mahdi Hussein – Somali living in Minnesota.[127]
  • Ahmed Nasir Taalil Mohamud – part of Somali community in Southern California.
  • Mohamed Mohamed Mohamud – Imam at a San Diego mosque that is primarily Somali, considered in news stories to be the “center” of San Diego’s Somali community.[128]
  • Basaaly Saeed Moalin – referred to as part of San Diego’s Muslim community.[129]
  • Farah Mohamed Beledi – indicted with a group of Somali men believed to be currently engaged in fighting for al-Shabaab in Somalia.[130]
  • Duane Mohamed Diriye – indicted with other Somali men for conspiring to aid al-Shabaab; allegedly communicated with high-level Shabaab leaders, believed to be hiding in Kenya (which has a high Somali population) or Somalia).[131]
  • Abdikadir Ali Abdi – classified in other research as Somali.[132]
  • Issa Doreh – at one point Doreh was a key figure in San Diego’s Somali community, according to news reports.[133]
  • Mohammad Abdullah Warsame – according to an FBI affidavit, Warsame was born in Mogadishu, Somalia.[134]
  • Abdifatah Yusuf Isse – classified in other reports as Somali.[135]
  • Mahmoud (Mohamud) Hassan – Somali teenager from Minnesota killed fighting in Somali in 2009.[136]
  • Zakaria Maruf – reported as part of a group of Somali men who left the Minnesota area to fight for al-Shabaab.[137]
  • Jamal Sheikh Bana – Bana’s family fled Somalia for Kenya when he was young.[138]
  • Shirwa Ahmed – immigrated to the United States from Somalia as a teenager.[139]
  • Salah Osman Ahmed – identified by Minnesota media as Somali.[140]
  • Burhan Hassan – identified by Minnesota media as Somali.[141]
  • Mohamed Osman Mohamud – born in Mogadishu, Somalia.[142]
  • Abdisalan Ali – emigrated from Somalia at a young age.[143]
  • Ahmed Ali Omar – identified as being of Somali descent.[144]
  • Mustafa Salat – identified as being of Somali descent.[145]
  • Sharif Mobley – American of Somali descent.[146]
  • Ahmed Hussain Mahamud – linked to a group of Somalis who have traveled to Somalia or helped raise funds for the militant group al-Shabaab.[147]

Mixed race and other ethnicities – total of 22, 12%

  • Ruben Shumpert – Shumpert’s father is African-American, while his mother is Mexican.[148]
  • Sabirhan Hasanoff –
  • David Coleman Headley – Headley has a Pakistani father and Caucasian mother.[149]
  • Omar Hammami – Father is Arab, mother is Caucasian.[150]
  • Carlos Almonte – Hispanic, born in the Dominican Republic.[151]
  • James Elshafay – Elshafay has an Egyptian father and Irish Catholic mother.[152]
  • Patrick Abraham – Abraham is Haitian.
  • Daniel Maldonado – Maldonado was born in the United States to Puerto Rican parents.[153]
  • Russell Defreitas – Defreitas is Guyanese.[154]
  • Anes Subasic – Subasic is Bosnian, and a naturalized American citizen.[155]
  • Laguerre Payen – Payen is Haitian.[156]
  • Adis Medunjanin – Medunjanin is a Bosnian immigrant.[157]
  • Yong Ki Kwon – Kwon is from South Korea originally.[158]
  • Mohamed Taheri-Azar – Azar was born in Iran.[159]
  • Abdul Kadir – Kadir is Guyanese.[160]
  • Jose Padilla – of Puerto Rican descent.[161]
  • Bryant Neal Vinas – of South American (Peruvian and Argentinean) descent.[162]
  • Antonio Martinez – of Nicaraguan origin.[163]
  • Adnan el-Shukrijumah – of Arab and Guyanese descent.[164]
  • Rotschild Augustine – of Haitian descent.[165]
  • Burson Augustin – Haitian.[166]
  • Narseal Batiste – Haitian.[167]
  • StanleyGrant Phanor – Haitian-American.[168]
  • Ahmed A. Minni – of Eritrean descent.[169]

[1] Sean Delaney, "Hemlock Park gunman gets 2 years probation," The Oakland Press, August 17 2008, http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2008/08/17/localnews/20080817-archive.txt

[2] DOJ Press Release “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey,”  May 8, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

[3] “U.S. confirms death of man linked to alleged Buffalo terror cell,” CNN.com, November 12, 2002. http://articles.cnn.com/2002-11-12/us/yemen.blast.us_1_ahmed-hijazi-kamal-derwish-men-of-yemeni-descent?_s=PM:US

[4] "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Interview: Sahim Alwan." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/interviews/alwan.html

[5] "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

[6]Madeleine Gruen,"The Conspiracy to Establish a Jihad Training Camp in Bly, Oregon," NEFA Foundation, June 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/NEFA_Bly0609.pdf

[7]Peter Whoriskey, “Defense Says Case Against Padilla is Politically Motivated,”The Washington Post, August 14 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/13/AR2007081300928.html

[8]“The Oregon suspects,” The Seattle Times, October 5, 2002. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20021005&slug=bios05m

[9] Ibid.

[10] "Jaber Elbaneh," Most Wanted Terrorists, Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/terelbaneh.htm

[11] Bjelopera and Randol 115.

[12] Bjelopera and Randol 122.

[13]Michael Wilson, “Jury Convicts 2 Albany Men in Missile Sting,”  The New York Times  October 11, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/nyregion/11plot.html

[14] “Ohio jury convicts 3 in plot to kill U.S. troops,” Associated Press, June 13, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25146276/ns/us_news-security/

[15] "HE BOOKED MONEY FOR TERROR - FEDS." New YorkDaily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/02/09/2006-02-09_he_booked_money_for_terror_-.html

[16] “Ohio jury convicts 3 in plot to kill U.S. troops,” Associated Press, June 13, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25146276/ns/us_news-security/

[17] Ibid.

[18] Pakistan. Sargodha Police. Punjab. Interrogation Report. http://www.wusa9.com/news/pdfs/interrogation_report.pdf

[19] Greg Krikorian, “LAX Shooter Motivated by Personal Woes, Probe Finds,” Los AngelesTimes, September 5, 2002. http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/05/local/me-shooter5

[20]United States of America v. Shaker Masri, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Criminal Complaint, August 3, 2010.

[21]Charlie Savage, “American Citizen Sent Money to Al Qaeda,” The New York Times, May 20 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/us/20terror.html

[22] James Dao, “Fort Hood Suspect Was ‘Mortified’ About Deployment,” The New York Times, November 5, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06suspect.html

[23] Claire Suddath, "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." TIME.com, October 22, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html

[24] Bjelopera and Randol 123.

[25]Eric Lichtblau,  “Scholar is Given Life Sentence in ‘Virginia Jihad’ Case,”  The New York Times,  July 14, 2005.  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/14/national/14cleric.html?_r=1

[26] Mary Beth Sheridan, "Ex-Official Faces Terror Charges,” The Washington Post, March 21, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13680-2005Mar30.html

[27] David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman and Ebrahim Moosa. Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans. January 6, 2010, p. 54.

[28] Madeleine Gruen, “The Boston Cluster and Extended Connections,” The NEFA Foundation, July 2010. http://nefafoundation.org//file/BostonCluster_TargetAmerica.pdf

[29] James Gordon Meek, Kerry Burke, and Alison Gendar, “Al Qaeda Living Next Door,” New YorkDaily News, May 1, 2010.

[30] "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

[31] Ibid.

[32] "Student Convicted in Plot to Assassinate President Bush," Fox News, November 23, 2005, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,176409,00.html

[33] Bjelopera and Randol 123.

[34] “Five U.S. men convicted of Pakistan ‘terror plot’” BBC, June 24, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10400972

[35] "Chasing the Sleeper Cell: Profiles - The Lackawanna Cell." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html

[36] Ibid.

[37] DOJ Press Release, “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey.”  8 2007. ,http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

[38] Taylor Luck, “Dallas terror plot: Troubled Jordanian teen or jihadist?” Christian Science Monitor, September 30, 2009. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2009/0930/p06s01-wome.html

[39]“Free Ziyad Yaghi.” http://freeziyadyaghi.blogspot.com/2009/12/ziyad-yaghi-jailed-for-going-on_8729.html

[40] “N.J. men admit to plan to join terrorist group al-Shabaab in Somalia,” New Jersey Star Ledger, March 4, 2011. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/nj_men_admit_to_planning_to_ki.html

[41] Larry McShane, “Saudi college student Khalid Ali-M. Aldawsari accused of bomb plots on New York City, George W. Bush,” The New York Daily News, February 24, 2011. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-02-24/news/28643914_1_bomb-making-plot-tyrant-s-house-bomb-plots

[42] Ariel Zirulnick, “Top 5 attacks linked to Yemeni cleric Anwar al-Awlaki,” Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/1102/Top-5-attacks-linked-to-Yemeni-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki/Call-for-assassination-of-a-US-cartoonist

[43] Susan Candiotti and Katie Silver, “DA: One indicted in suspected terror plot against New York synagogue,” CNN.com, May 18, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/05/17/new.york.terror.indictment/

[44] Ibid.

[45] Jason Ryan, “Kentucky Terror Case: Two Iraqis Charged With Supporting Al Qaeda in Iraq,” ABC News, May 31, 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kentucky-terror-case-waad-ramadan-alwan-mohanad-shareef/story?id=13727518

[46] Ibid.

[47]“Judge Sentences 3 to Prison for Roles in a Jihad Network.”  The New York Times.  November 8, 2003.  http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/08/us/judge-sentences-3-to-prison-for-roles-in-a-jihad-network.html

[48]Andrew Murr and Kevin Peraino,  "The Portland Six: Joining Jihad: They had guns, and plans for Afghanistan. Busting a would-be cell."  Newsweek.  October 14, 2002.  http://www.newsweek.com/id/65942/page/1

[49]King, Colbert. “Muslim Converts, Meet the FBI.” The Washington Post. August 20, 2005.

[50] Schanzer et al. 57.

[51] Schanzer et al. 59

[52] Ibid.

[53] Ibid.

[54]Andrea Elliott and William K. Rashbaum. “Defendant’s Lawyer Claims Anti-Muslim Bias in Charges.” New York Times, June 1 2005. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EFD61F39F932A35755C0A9639C8B63

[55] Schanzer et al. 54

[56] Bjelopera and Randol 115-116.

[57] Andrew Murr and Kevin Peraino,  "The Portland Six: Joining Jihad: They had guns, and plans for Afghanistan. Busting a would-be cell."  Newsweek.  October 14, 2002.  http://www.newsweek.com/id/65942/page/1

[58] Schanzer et al. 57.

[59] Schanzer et al. 58.

[60] Schanzer et al. 57.

[61] Peter Bergen and Bruce Hoffman, “Assessing the Terrorist Threat,” BipartisanPolicy Center, Septebmer 10, 2010, p. 18.

[62] Schanzer et al. 55.

[63] Schanzer et al. 56.

[64] Schanzer et al. 59.

[65] Scott Stewart and Fred Burton, “Paying Attention to the Grassroots,” STRATFOR, August 5, 2009. http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090805_paying_attention_grassroots

[66] Ibid.

[67] Ibid.

[68] Paul Shukovsky and Candace Heckman, “Soldier accused of trying to aid al Qaeda,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 13 2004. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/160510_guard13.html

[69] Schanzer et al. 60.

[70] Tom Junod, “Innocent,” Esquire Magazine, February 15, 2010. http://www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0706JLINDH_106

[71] John Windrem, “Fears Grow of Terrorist with ‘An American Face,’” MSNBC.COM, September 10, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26564997/ns/us_news-9/11_seven_years_later/

[72] Gregg MacDonald, “Fairfax County man accused of link to terrorist group,” FairfaxTimes.com, July 28, 2010. http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/cms/story.php?id=1886

[73] Schanzer et al. 54.

[74] Eamon Quinn and John F. Burns, “In Ireland, a Hearing on a Plot to Kill a Swedish Cartoonist,” The New York Times, March 15, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/world/europe/16ireland.html

[75]DOJ Press Release “Five radicals charged with planning attack on Fort Dix Army Base in New Jersey,”  May 8, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/duka0508rel.pdf

[76] Ibid.

[77] Ibid.

[78] Ibid.

[79] Raffaello Pantucci, “Understanding the al-Shabaab Networks,” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, October 13, 2009. http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ASPI_Somalia_UnderstandingAlShabaabNetworks.pdf

[80]Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,”  The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

[81] “Islamist hackers block Kosovo website.”  InfoSecurity.com, August 17, 2010,    http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/3195/islamist-hackers-block-kosovo-website/,

[82] “Seventh terrorism suspect denied bond,” WRAL.com, August 10, 2009. http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/5762453/

[84] Meyer, Josh.  “11 indicted in suspected Virginia terrorist cell.” Los AngelesTimes, June 28, 2003. http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/28/nation/na-indict28

[85] Richard Schmitt, "Suspect in Brooklyn Bridge Plot to Withdraw Plea," Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2003, http://articles.latimes.com/2003/sep/26/nation/na-terror26

[86]“Terror Briton jailed for 47 years.”  BBC.co.uk.  September 12, 2005.

[87]"Terror defendant allegedly trained for Taliban after 9/11." USATODAY.com. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-02-13-terror-paintball_x.htm

[88]Michael Wilson.  “Jury Convicts 2 Albany Men in Missile Sting,”  The New York Times.  October 11, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/nyregion/11plot.html

[89]William K. Rashbaum, “Guilty Verdict in Plot to Bomb Subway System,” New York Times, 25 May 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/nyregion/25herald.html

[90]Schanzer et al. 58.

[91] Ibid.

[92] "U.S. man accepts plea deal in Mumbai terror attacks," The Vancouver Sun, March 19, 2010. http://www.vancouversun.com/news/accepts+plea+deal+Mumbai+terror+attacks/2701584/story.html

[93] United States of Americav. Raja Lahrasib Khan, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1204.pdf

[94] DOJ Press Release, “Manhattan US Attorney Charges Faisal Shahzad with Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square.” May 4 2010. http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo050410a.htm

[95] Karin Brulliard, "Father waits for case of Virginia man charged in Pakistan," The Washington Post, March 12, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/11/AR2010031104338.html

[96] Peter Finn, Spencer S. Hsu and Caitlin Gibson, “Feds arrest N.VA. man in D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 28, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/27/AR2010102704857.html

[97] “Final Defendent Guilty in ‘Va. Jihad.’” Washington Post. 7 June 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060601142.html

[98] Jennifer Sullivan and Steve Miletich. "Haq convicted on all counts in Jewish Federation shootings,” Seattle Times Newspaper, December 15, 2009. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010513073_webhaq15m.html

[99] Mary Flood, "Ex-HCC student convicted of helping the Taliban | Houston & Texas News | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle." HoustonChronicle, May 26, 2010. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7026012.html

[100] Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,”  The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

[101] Schanzer et al. 54.

[102] Bjelopera and Randol 107.

[103]"DOJ Press Release: Terrorism Suspect Sentenced in Atlanta." NEFA Foundation, December 14, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/US_v_HarisAhmed_dojprsentencing.pdf

[104] Ibid.

[105] Schanzer et al. 61.

[106] Richard Willing “Pursuit of al-Qaeda keeps coming back to Fla." USATODAY.com, June 15, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-06-15-florida-usat_x.htm

[107] DOJ Press Release, “Najibullah Zazi Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Use Explosives Against Persons or Property in U.S., Conspiracy to Murder Abroad and Providing Material Support to Al-Qaeda.” February 10, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/February/10-ag-174.html

[108] Alex Rodriguez, “Is she a victim of the US or is she ‘Terror Mom”?” Los AngelesTimes, February 3, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/03/world/la-fg-terror-mom3-2010feb03

[109]Phil Hirschkorn, “Lawyer: Detained Pakistani to face terrorism charges.” CNN. August 6, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/08/04/alqaeda.suspect/   

[110] Bjelopera and Randol 114.

[111] Bjelopera and Randol 108.

[112] Benjamin Weiser, “Ex-Brooklyn College Student Admits Conspiring to Help Al Qaeda,” The New York Times, April 27, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/nyregion/28hashmi.html

[113] Richard Serrano, “Six indicted in plot to raise money for terrorism; 1 is held in L.A.,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2011. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-us-taliban-suspects-20110514,0,6423724.story?track=rss

[114] Ibid.

[115] Ibid.

[116] Schanzer et al. 54.

[117] “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

[118] Schanzer et al. 61.

[119] Schanzer et al. 60; “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

[120] Schanzer et al. 60.

[121] “DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants, Justice Department Announces,” November 23, 2009.

[122] Schanzer et al. 60.

[123]United States of America v. Amina Farah Ali, aka “Amina Aden,” aka “Amina Adan,” aka “Amina Wadaado,” and Hawo Hassan, aka “Halima Hassan,” aka “Halimo Hassan,” Indictment, United States District Court, District of Minnesota.http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1355.pdf

[124] DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somalia-Based Terrorist Organization Al-Shabaab,” August 5, 2010.http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1361.pdf

[125] Peter Rowe, “Tense, troubling time for Somalis in San Diego,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 20, 2010. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/20/somalis-san-diego-tense-and-troubling-time/

[126]United States of America v. Mohamud Abdi Yusuf, a/k/a “Sheikh Hassan,” “Hassan Dhunkaal,” “Mohamoud Yusuf Dhunkaal,” Duane Mohamed Diriye, a/k/a “Duwane Maxamed Diriiye,” “Duane Dirie,” “Duane Mohamed Diriye,” Abdi Mahdi Hussein, a/k/a “Abdi Hussein,” “Khaliif,” Indictment, United States District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division.

[127] Chad Garrison, “Mohamud Abdi Yusuf: St. Louis Taxi Driver Accused of Funding Somali Terrorists,” Riverfront Times, November 3, 201. http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2010/11/mohamud_abdi_yusuf_st_louis_man_accused_of_funding_terrorists.php

[128] Kristen Davis, Dana Littlefield and Susan Shroder, “San Diego religious leader among those charged with aiding Somali terrorists,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 3, 2010. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/03/two-san-diego-men-plead-not-guilty-helping-somali-/

[129] Ibid.

[130] DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somali-Based Terrorist Organization,” August 5, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/August/10-ag-898.html

[131]United States of America v. Mohamud Abdi Yusuf, a/k/a “Sheikh Hassan,” “Hassan Dhunkaal,” “Mohamoud Yusuf Dhunkaal,” Duane Mohamed Diriye, a/k/a “Duwane Maxamed Diriiye,” “Duane Dirie,” “Duane Mohamed Diriye,” Abdi Mahdi Hussein, a/k/a “Abdi Hussein,” “Khaliif,” Indictment, United States District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division.

[132] Schanzer et al. 59.

[133] Dana Littlefield, Susan Schroder and Kristina Davis, “Local Mosque Imam’s Arrest Shocks Somali Community,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 4, 2010.

[134] “United States v. Mohammed Abdullah Warsame- Affadavit of Kiann Vandenover,” United States District Court, District of Minnesota, February 6, 2004, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_Warsame_FBIaffidavit.pdf

[135] Schanzer et al. 60.

[136]Richard Meryhew,  “5th Twin Cities Somalia man is killed in war-torn homeland,”  StarTribune, September 5, 2009, http://www.startribune.com/local/57448212.html

[137] James Walsh, Richard Meryhew, and Allie Shah, “2 Somali men indicted in terror plot,” Star Tribune, July 14, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/local/north/50654962.html?page=1&c=y

[138] "The missing Somali men" MinnesotaPublic Radio, July 13, 2009.http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/

[139] Emily Johns and Richard Meryhew, "FBI chief: Suicide bomber indoctrinated in Minnesota," Star Tribune, February 24, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/40202352.html?elr=KArksc8P:Pc:Ug8P:Pc:UiD3aPc:_Yyc:aU7DYaGEP7vDEh7P:DiUs

[140] James Walsh, Richard Meryhew, and Allie Shah, “2 Somali men indicted in terror plot,” Star Tribune, July 14, 2009. http://www.startribune.com/local/north/50654962.html?page=1&c=y

[141] “Mystery Surrounds death of Somali teen: Minnesota relatives fear boy fell victim to Somalia extremist group.” MSNBC. June 9 2009.  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31193630/

[142] DOJ Press Release, “Oregon Resident Arrested in Plot to Bomb Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony in Portland,” November 27, 2010. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-nsd-1353.html

[143] "Joining the Fight in Somalia - Interactive Graphic - NYTimes.com." The New York Times, July 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html

[144]United States of America v. Ahmed Ali Omar, Khalid Mohamud Abshir, Zakaria Maruf, Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan, Mustafa Ali Salat, Abdiweli Yassin Isse, Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax, Farah Mohamed Beledi, Abdisalan Hussein Ali, Abdikadir Ali Abdi, Third Superseding Indictment, United States District Court, District of Minnesota.http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1356.pdf

[145] United Statesv. Ahmed Ali Omar, Khalid Abshir, Zakaria Maruf, Mohamed Hassan and Mustafa Salat , 09-CR-50.  United States District Court. District of Minnesota. Indictment. August 20, 2009. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/us/20091124_TERROR_DOCS/aomar.pdf

[146] “Pal: Sharif Mobley Radicalized Years Ago,” CBS/AP, March 12, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/12/national/main6292003.shtml

[147] “American charged over aid to Somali militants,” Reuters, June 9, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110609/us_nm/us_somalia_usa_charges

[148] “Somali Jihad Lures Americans,” SITE Intelligence Group, January 1, 2009. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/component/content/article/25-somalia-jan09

[149] Griffin, Drew, and Scott Bronstein. "American took a twisted trail to terror." CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/18/headlley.mumbai.profile/index.html

[150] Andrea Elliott, “The Jihadist Next Door,” The New York Times, January 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31Jihadist-t.html

[151] “New Jersey Men Plead Guilty to Terrorism Conspiracy Charge,” Bloomberg, March 3, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-03/new-jersey-men-plead-guilty-to-terrorism-conspiracy-charge.html

[152] William Rashbaum,  “Staten Island Man Describes Shattered Life, Then a Plot to Bomb a Subway Station,”  The New York Times, May 10, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/nyregion/10herald.html?_r=1

[153] Madeleine Gruen, “The Boston Cluster and Extended Connections,” The NEFA Foundation, July 2010. http://nefafoundation.org//file/BostonCluster_TargetAmerica.pdf

[154] Tracy Connor, "Inner workings of twisted plan," New York Daily News, June 3 2007, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2007/06/03/2007-06-03_inner_workings_of_twisted_plan-8.html

[155] “Indictment: United States v. Anes Subasic, et al”.  U.S. District Court of Eastern District of North Carolina, Western Division  No. 5:09cr216-1 FL.  http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1029.pdf#page=7

[156] Susan Candiotti, “Suspects in Alleged Synagogue Bomb Plot Denied Bail,” CNN News, May 21 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/05/21/ny.bomb.plot/

[157]Madeleine Gruen. “The September 2009 New York/Denver Terror Plot Arrests,”  The NEFA Foundation. October 19, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefa_NY-DenverArrests.pdf

[158]Mary Beth Sheridan, “More serious charges possible in ‘VA Jihad Network’ case”, The Washington Post, August 2, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13377-2003Aug1?language=printer

[159]Brenda Goodman. “Defendant Offers Details of Jeep Attack at University,” New York Times, 8 March 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/national/08carolina.html?pagewanted=print

[160] “New York airport bomber given life sentence,” Reuters, December 16, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/16/uk-usa-security-newyork-idUSLNE6BF02N20101216

[161]Deborah Sontag,  “Terror Suspect's Path From Streets to Brig.” The New York Times. April 25, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/national/25PADI.html?ei=5007&en=f1d6a0b81ebc88ff&ex=1398312000&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all

[162] "Bryant Neal Vinas: An American in Al Qaeda - TIME." TIME.com, July 24, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1912512,00.html

[163] Armen Keteyian, “Baltimore Plot Shows More Terror Home Grown,” CBS News, December 8, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/08/eveningnews/main7131761.shtml

[164] Curt Anderson, “AP Exclusive: New Al-Qaida Leader Knows U.S. Well,” Associated Press, August 6, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=11339080

[165] Damien Cave and Carmen Gentile, “Five Convicted in Plot to Blow Up Sears Tower,” The New York Times, May 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/us/13miami.html

[166]Schanzer et al. 57

[167] Ibid.

[168] Ibid.

[169] Declan Walsh, “Pakistan jails five Americans for plotting terror acts,” The Guardian, June 24, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/24/pakistan-jails-americans-plotting-terrorism